Cartesian Components of a Vector
Consider a Cartesian coordinate system
consisting of
an origin,
, and three mutually perpendicular coordinate axes,
,
, and
. See Figure A.4. Such a system is said to be right-handed if, when looking along the
direction, a
clockwise
rotation about
is required to take
into
. Otherwise, it is said to be left-handed. In physics, it is conventional to always use right-handed coordinate systems.
Figure A.4:
A right-handed Cartesian coordinate system.
|
It is convenient to define unit vectors,
,
, and
, parallel to
,
, and
, respectively.
Incidentally, a unit vector is a vector whose magnitude is unity. The position vector,
, of some general point
whose Cartesian coordinates
are (
,
,
) is then given by
![$\displaystyle {\bf r} = x\,{\bf e}_z + y\,{\bf e}_y+z\,{\bf e}_z.$](img4515.png) |
(1.11) |
In other words, we can get from
to
by moving a distance
parallel to
, then a distance
parallel to
, and then a distance
parallel to
. Similarly, if
is an arbitrary vector then
![$\displaystyle {\bf a} = a_x\,{\bf e}_x+ a_y\,{\bf e}_y+a_z\,{\bf e}_z,$](img4516.png) |
(1.12) |
where
,
, and
are termed the Cartesian components of
. It is conventional to write
.
It follows that
,
, and
. Of course,
.
According to the three-dimensional generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, the distance
is
given by
![$\displaystyle r = \sqrt{x^{\,2} + y^{\,2} + z^{\,2}}.$](img4525.png) |
(1.13) |
By analogy, the magnitude of a general vector
takes the form
![$\displaystyle a = \sqrt{a_x^{\,2} + a_y^{\,2} + a_z^{\,2}}.$](img4526.png) |
(1.14) |
If
and
then it is
easily demonstrated that
![$\displaystyle {\bf a} + {\bf b} \equiv (a_x+b_x,\,a_y+b_y,\,a_z+b_z).$](img4528.png) |
(1.15) |
Furthermore, if
is a scalar then it is apparent that
![$\displaystyle n\,{\bf a} \equiv (n\,a_x,\,n\,a_y,\,n\,a_z).$](img4529.png) |
(1.16) |