Grad Operator

It is useful to define the vector operator

$$\nabla \equiv \left( \frac{\partial}{\partial x},\, \frac{\partial}{\partial y},\, \frac{\partial }{\partial z}\right),$$ (A.119)

which is usually called the grad or del operator. This operator acts on everything to its right in a expression, until the end of the expression or a closing bracket is reached. For instance,

$${\bf grad}\,f = \nabla f \equiv \left(\frac{\partial f}{\partial x},\, \frac{\partial f}{\partial y},\,\frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\right).$$ (A.120)

For two scalar fields $\phi$ and $\psi$ ,

$${\bf grad}\,(\phi \,\psi) = \phi\,\, {\bf grad}\,\psi +\psi\,\, {\bf grad}\,\phi$$ (A.121)

can be written more succinctly as

$$\nabla(\phi\, \psi) = \phi \,\nabla\psi + \psi\, \nabla \phi.$$ (A.122)

Suppose that we rotate the coordinate axes through an angle $\theta$ about $Oz$ . By analogy with Equations (A.17)-(A.19), the old coordinates ($x$ , $y$ , $z$ ) are related to the new ones ($x'$ , $y'$ , $z'$ ) via

$$x = x'\, \cos\theta - y'\,\sin\theta,$$ (A.123)

$$y = x\,'\sin\theta +y'\,\cos\theta,$$ (A.124)

$$z = z'.$$ (A.125)

Now,

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x'} = \left(\frac{\partial x}{\partial x... ...eft(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x'} \right)_{y',z'} \frac{\partial}{\partial z},$$ (A.126)

giving

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x'} = \cos\theta \,\frac{\partial}{\partial x} + \sin\theta \,\frac{\partial}{\partial y},$$ (A.127)

and

$$\nabla_{x'} = \cos\theta\, \nabla_x + \sin\theta \,\nabla_y.$$ (A.128)

It can be seen, from Equations (A.20)-(A.22), that the differential operator $\nabla$ transforms in an analogous manner to a vector. This is another proof that $\nabla f$ is a good vector.