Next: Vector surface integrals Up: Vectors Previous: Vector line integrals

## Surface integrals

Let us take a surface , which is not necessarily co-planar, and divide in up into (scalar) elements . Then
 (75)

is a surface integral. For instance, the volume of water in a lake of depth is
 (76)

To evaluate this integral we must split the calculation into two ordinary integrals. The volume in the strip shown in Fig. 14 is
 (77)

Note that the limits and depend on . The total volume is the sum over all strips:
 (78)

Of course, the integral can be evaluated by taking the strips the other way around:
 (79)

Interchanging the order of integration is a very powerful and useful trick. But great care must be taken when evaluating the limits.

As an example, consider

 (80)

where is shown in Fig. 15. Suppose that we evaluate the integral first:
 (81)

Let us now evaluate the integral:
 (82)

We can also evaluate the integral by interchanging the order of integration:
 (83)

In some cases, a surface integral is just the product of two separate integrals. For instance,

 (84)

where is a unit square. This integral can be written
 (85)

since the limits are both independent of the other variable.

In general, when interchanging the order of integration, the most important part of the whole problem is getting the limits of integration right. The only foolproof way of doing this is to draw a diagram.

Next: Vector surface integrals Up: Vectors Previous: Vector line integrals
Richard Fitzpatrick 2006-02-02