Next: Exercises Up: Fundamental Concepts Previous: Uncertainty Relation

Continuous Spectra

Up to now, we have studiously avoided dealing with observables possessing eigenvalues that lie in a continuous range, rather than having discrete values. The reason for this is that continuous eigenvalues imply a ket space of non-denumerably infinite dimension. Unfortunately, continuous eigenvalues are unavoidable in quantum mechanics. In fact, the most important observables of all--namely position and momentum--generally have continuous eigenvalues. (See the following chapter.) Fortunately, many of the results that we obtained previously for a finite-dimensional ket space with discrete eigenvalues can be generalized to ket spaces of non-denumerably infinite dimensions.

Suppose that is an observable with continuous eigenvalues. We can still write the eigenvalue equation as

 (1.87)

But, now takes a continuous range of values. Let us assume, for the sake of simplicity, that can take any value. The orthonormality condition (1.53) generalizes to

 (1.88)

where denotes the famous Dirac delta function [32,92], and satisfies

 (1.89) (1.90) (1.91)

for any function, , that is well behaved at . The Dirac delta function is a generalized function [104] that can be realized in many equivalent limiting forms. For instance,

 (1.92) (1.93)

Note from Equations (1.87) and (1.88) that there are a non-denumerably infinite number of mutually orthogonal eigenstates of . Hence, the dimensionality of ket space is non-denumerably infinite. Furthermore, eigenstates corresponding to a continuous range of eigenvalues cannot be normalized such that they have unit norms. In fact, it is clear from Equation (1.88), together with the well-known fact that , that these eigenstates have infinite norms. In other words, they are infinitely long. This is the major difference between eigenstates in a finite-dimensional and an infinite-dimensional ket space. The extremely useful relation (1.57) generalizes to

 (1.94)

(See Exercise 18.) Note that a summation over discrete eigenvalues goes over into an integral over a continuous range of eigenvalues. The eigenstates must form a complete set if is to be an observable. It follows that any general ket can be expanded in terms of the . In fact, the expansions (1.54)-(1.56) generalize to give

 (1.95) (1.96) (1.97)

respectively. These results also follow simply from Equation (1.94). We have seen that it is not possible to normalize the eigenstates such that they have unit norms. Fortunately, this convenient normalization is still possible for a general state ket. In fact, according to Equation (1.97), the normalization condition can be written

 (1.98)

We have now studied observables whose eigenvalues take a discrete number of values, as well as those whose eigenvalues take a continuous range of values. There are a number of other cases that we could look at. For instance, observables whose eigenvalues can take a (finite) continuous range of values, plus a set of discrete values. Such cases can be dealt with using a fairly straightforward generalization of the previous analysis [32].

Next: Exercises Up: Fundamental Concepts Previous: Uncertainty Relation
Richard Fitzpatrick 2016-01-22